William Shakespeare s Henry V, King Henry And The French...

What constitutes honor in society? In Henry V, King Henry and the French invoke its constitution to incite men into war. Although the reasons that the English and French countrymen fight differ, the thought of honorably serving their countries stands alone as enough impetus to thrust both onto the battlefield. But how can honor command such incentive? The answer stems from individualistic pride. The characters in Henry V see how, as a collective, society has objectively agreed that service to one’s country merits honor, but each character, as an individual, chooses to strive towards that honor because of his or her own pride. This notion of individualistic pride—both consciously and subconsciously—drives daily action. And in Henry V, the insidious intent of pride eclipses the known vicious nature of war. The motivation for King Henry to wage war on France, the subsequent response of France’s leadership, and the action of the English countrymen emanates fro m the notion of honor, but how each individual responds to the desire to fulfill his pride ultimately shapes â€Å"the field of Agincourt† (4.7.86). Henry V illustrates how honor and pride craft the nature of war. King Henry’s yearning for honor and the challenges to his pride that he receives from his wild younger days instigates him to pursue war with France. He understands the magnitude of war, even probing the archbishop of Canterbury’s argument to challenge the Salic law: â€Å"For God doth know how many now in health / ShallShow MoreRelatedA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pages Introduction to the Picatrix (The Aim of the Sage) of al-Majriti, Maslamati ibn Ahmad II. Summary of the Contents of the Picatrix III. Excerpt from a Lecture on Alchemy by Terence McKenna On the Moon and the Lunar Mansions IV. Extracts on the Moon V. The Mansions of the Moon: â€Å"On the Creation, Proportion and Composition of the Heavens for the Fashioning of Images † VI. The Picatrix: Lunar Mansions in Western Astrology VII. W. B. Yeats and â€Å"A Vision:† The Arab Mansions of the Moon On Ritual and TalismansRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers

The Escape Of Freedom - 2342 Words

The Escape To Freedom It was the year of, 1769, in the U.S., where slavery was still legal. An african - american boy named, Abraham, got his parents taken away at the age of 4. He would always see how the people of the same color as he were treated unfairly and how the kids parents were also taken away, but he just thought that they were going to some kind of vacation. After this, Abraham was brought to a home where he was cared for by a nanny. During play time, the american boys would tease him and make fun of him. They would always eat in the living room while african - american children were to eat in the kitchen. While eating in the kitchen, Abraham and the others would laugh and have good conversations. One day, Abraham met a boy named Edmund. Twelve years passed, and Abraham and Edmund were now 16. They were eating in the kitchen when these men came in and took Abraham, Edmund and some others. The nanny saw, but did not say a word. She was just standing there. He had always wondered why the kids an d his parents were being forced to live somewhere else until he began to experience it all at the age of 16. When HE WAS SOLD FOR SLAVERY. Abraham was taken away from the â€Å"home† to a big mansion. As the car drove through the driveway Abraham thought that he was going to be living in this amazing home because of its gold plated stairs with diamond windows. But when he turned around, all he saw were african - americans farming and blacksmithing, which made hisShow MoreRelatedA Escape to Freedom1001 Words   |  4 PagesEscape to Freedom Bosnia is a country located on the Balkan Peninsula in Eastern Europe. After the end of the Soviet Union a number of European states were created, which included Bosnia. There was conflict between ethnic and religious groups because borders were changed. A war broke out in 1992 because Serbs and Croats living in Bosnia wanted the territory for themselves. Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic sent the Yugoslav Army to eastern Bosnia and killed thousands. They started an â€Å"ethnic cleansing†Read MoreThemes Of Escape By Mary Shelley And Incarceron By Catherine Fisher1271 Words   |  6 Pagesconfinement is escape, breaking free from control and captivity. Individuals, even with different backgrounds, have tried to escape this confinement in search of a better life. Even in literature, the concepts of escape is portrayed in many novels. Both Frankenstein by Mary Shelley and Incarceron by Catherine Fisher illustrate the literary and actual aspects of the act of escaping. Although both novels bear some minor differences in the concept of escape the similarities are very apparent. Escapes from theRead MoreJoy Ride Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pages101 8 October 2012 Begging for an Escape â€Å"Joy Ride† is a short story written by Richard Russo. It features a boy, John Dern, and his mother, who both long for an escape from their lives at the time. This story follows the theme that one key aspect the human condition is the search for an escape. At some point in life, most humans wish to escape their past and present state of living. There may be many motivating factors behind this. However, most attempt to escape for one of three main reasons. TheseRead MoreA Brief Look at the Underground Railroad1335 Words   |  5 Pagesno hope for freedom. In the 1800s everything changed when the Underground Railroad had gone into effect as the system kept on growing and there were more than 100,000 slaves escaped from the South and gained their freedom. The journey for a slave to gain freedom was difficult and dangerous under the circumstances in the nineteenth century. Not even slave owners were looking for fugitive slaves, governments also imposed laws to restricted the rights of fugitive slave, causing their escape as an illegalRead MoreThe Themes Of African Americans967 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican Americans. Singing these spirituals helped them escape the everyday hardships of slavery even if it was just for a moment. Each spiritual had its own meaning but overall, I think that the central meaning of the spirituals was encoded communication. These spirituals were used mainly to talk about escape plans and routes. The spirituals used biblical names to speak of the everyday people around them. The encoded messages about escape were part of the central meaning of these spirituals. I doRead MoreThe Story Of American Slavery1595 Words   |  7 Pagesbrutality of the life that so many people had to endure have been written over the years. In this book, David Blight tells the story about two men, John M. Washington (1838-1918) and Wallace Turnage (1846-1916) and their escape from slavery during the Civil War. Their escape to freedom occurred during the chaos of this nation’s most bloody war and amidst a political and cultural conflict, which had been ripping the country apart for many decades. Throughout the Civil War, in thousands of different circumstancesRead MoreHumanitarian Essay697 Words   |  3 Pages25, 2009 Escape to Freedom Imagine what it would be like to get hit in the head with a two pound weight by protecting another person. Harriet Tubman was born a slave. As a slave, she preferred working outdoors than in the kitchen. She also became known as the â€Å"Conductor of the Underground Railroad.† Without Harriet Tubman, she would not have inspired many people like Martin Luther King Jr. Harriet Tubman is a humanitarian because she helped over 300 slaves escape to their freedom. HarrietRead MoreThe Slave Narrative Written By Rowlandson998 Words   |  4 PagesRowlandson attempts to consume the food that the Indians provide for her, but she soon discovers that the taste of the rancid food is more revolting than she can tolerate, but she continues trying to fit in, in her mind it is the only way she can possibly escape from the Indians alive. Coincidentally, Equiano also has to endure very similar perils. In the introduction to Equiano’s slave narrative, we acquire that he is being forced into slavery by his own people, in order to be sold to the white slave ownersRead MoreUnderground Railroad974 Words   |  4 PagesThe Underground Railroad’s Strive for Freedom Secrecy The Underground Railroad was a road to freedom which consisted of an enormous system of people who helped fugitive slaves flee to the North and to Canada. It was run by many Caucasians, or abolitionists, but mainly African Americans, or slaves (Heinrichs 8). The Underground Railroad was a danger which many risked their own lives to save the ones of slaves. This wouldn’t have been able to happen if it weren’t for their secrecy and bravenessRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1237 Words   |  5 Pagesexcessively restricted from freedom. Women are restricted to the freedoms that they once had. When comparing the Gileadean regime to our modern society’s regime today, women living under the Gileadean regime are restricted from performing â€Å"everyday† activities. They are not allowed to read. They are not allowed to act the way they want. In a sense, they are burdened by the spoken rules instilled by those leading the Republic of Gilead. To just ify their need for restriction of freedom, Aunt Lydia, a higher

Shift Happen A Greek Philosopher Heraclitus

Question: Analyze several changes over the past 10 years and the impact on leaders today. Answer: There is nothing permanent except change-a supreme mention by a Greek philosopher Heraclitus. (Mike, 2013). This statement is a very true keeping in mind the world today from the world it was and to the world it would be. The world is moving at the pace beyond our thinking abilities and there is a bigger shift to take place. The first camera phone had 0.11 megapixels and today we have moved to 41 megapixels giving the clarity of photos so much brightness. (Thomas, 2013). The scary and secret move about the change is that it is slow and gradual where we feel nothing much changing around us but looking back at present make us wonder that change was drastic then how the process of that change went unnoticed. The first TV channel in Australia was launched in 1940 and today the counting on our TV remotes is countless. (Television AU). The way our lives are getting upgraded day by day whether it is the way we do banking or shopping stuff. The process of paying the bills was completed by filling the paycheck advice, a personal check and stamped envelope. (Bilal, 2011). Its very obvious that check clearance process takes time and thus bill payment was delayed. Now paying bills, shopping online or be it any transaction, is a matter of few seconds. The first motor car was invented in 1885 and today number of cars manufactured every year hard to mention because by that time, numbers may go double or so on (Worldometers). No one would have ever imagined that news reporting would be the fastest in the world and access to all sources would be on our finger tips. New apps are launched everyday related to any subject matter or timeline or utility based and in real sense, they are making our lives eas y and happening where more time left with us to become what we desire to or spend time on the things which matters that most. In this conclusion para, it would not be hard to understand the pace of time and impact of changing technology. We are moving to the era of inventions, developments and to say in nutshell, the miracles world. Let us make the courteous and justified use of the change in shift of mechanical to miracle global changes and leave our coming generations a world they would love to live and so to be proud too. References: Thorn, T. (2013, Dec.28) Flashback: the past, present and future of the camera phone. Raymond M. (2013, Feb.28) Nothing is permanent except change. In Medium. com. (n.d). Timeline 1950-1959.In Televisionau. Retrieved June 4, Kaiser, B. (2011, Feb.)10 Years of New Technology and How Our Lives Have Changed. (2011, Feb.). In Legalzoom. Benz Patent Motor Car, the first automobile. (n.d). In Daimler. Retrieved June 4, Cars produced this year. (n.d). In worldometers. Retrieved June 4, 2015.

Invisible Man Essays (2057 words) - Invisible Man, Narration

Invisible Man Who the hell am I? (Ellison 386) This question puzzled the invisible man, the unidentified, anonymous narrator of Ralph Ellison's acclaimed novel Invisible Man. Throughout the story, the narrator embarks on a mental and physical journey to seek what the narrator believes is true identity, a belief quite mistaken, for he, although unaware of it, had already been inhabiting true identities all along. The narrator's life is filled with constant eruptions of mental traumas. The biggest psychological burden he has is his identity, or rather his misidentity. He feels wearing on the nerves (Ellison 3) for people to see him as what they like to believe he is and not see him as what he really is. Throughout his life, he takes on several different identities and none, he thinks, adequately represents his true self, until his final one, as an invisible man. The narrator thinks the many identities he possesses does not reflect himself, but he fails to recognize that identity is simply a mirror that reflects the surrounding and the person who looks into it. It is only in this reflection of the immediate surrounding can the viewers relate the narrator's identity to. The viewers see only the part of the narrator that is apparently connected to the viewer's own world. The part obscured is unknown and therefore insignificant. Lucius Brockway, an old operator of the paint factory, saw the narrator only as an existence threatening his job, despite that the narrator is sent there to merely assist him. Brockway repeatedly question the narrator of his purpose there and his mechanical credentials but never even bother to inquire his name. Because to the old fellow, who the narrator is as a person is uninterested. What he is as an object, and what that object's relationship is to Lucius Brockway's engine room is important. The narrator's identity is derived from this relationship, and this relationship suggests to Brockway that his identity is a threat. However the viewer decides to see someone is the identity they assign to that person. The Closing of The American Mind, by Allan Bloom, explains this identity phenomenon by comparing two ships of states (Bloom 113). If one ship is to be forever at sea, [and] ?K another is to reach port and the passengers go their separate ways, they think about one another and their relationships on the ship very differently in the two cases (Bloom 113). In the first state, friends will be acquainted and enemies will be formed, while in the second state, the passengers will most likely not bother to know anyone new, and everyone will get off the ship and remain strangers to one another. A person's identity is unalike to every different viewer at every different location and situation. This point the narrator senses but does not fully understand. During his first Brotherhood meeting, he exclaimed, I am a new citizen of the country of your vision, a native of your fraternal land! (Ellison 328) He preaches to others the fact that identity is transitional yet he does not accept it himself. Maybe he thought it distressing being liked not for being his true self but because of the identity he puts on or being hated not for being himself but because of his identity. To Dr. Bledsoe, the principal of the black southern university where the narrator attended, the narrator is a petty black educated fool (Ellison 141). To Mr. Norton, a rich white trustee of the black university, the narrator is a simple object intertwined with his fate, a mere somebody, he explained to the narrator, that were somehow connected with [his (Mr. Norton's)] destiny (Ellison 41). To the organizers of the Brotherhood, Jack, Tobitt, and the others, the narrator is what they designed him to be. They designed for him an identity of a social speaker and leader, and to his listeners and followers, he is just that. Those were his multiple identities and none were less authentic than the others because to his onlookers, he is what his identities say he is, even if he thinks differently. The narrator always had a desire for people who could give [him] a proper reflection of [his] importance (Ellison 160). But there is no such thing as a proper reflection because his importance varies among different people. Subconsciously, he craves attention. He wants recognition and status, and wants to be honored as someone special. He must feel that he can have no dignity if his status is not special,

Attendance Management System for Provincial Human Essay Example

Attendance Management System for Provincial Human Essay Example Attendance Management System for Provincial Human Essay Attendance Management System for Provincial Human Essay Each trainee must have a DART (Dally Time Record) from which their time-in and time-out Is they are assigned. The office encourages each of the trainees to go to the person-in- charge once a month for them to check, validate and track their total training hours. Statement of the Problem The current process of checking the attendance and the time of the trainees is time consuming and not reliable. The manual computation of training hours is inaccurate. The records of the trainees attendance are not secured. Note: The Daily Time Record has high probability of being lost because of misplacement and unexpected natural phenomena. General Objectives: The project is aimed to design and develop Attendance Management System for PROMO On-the-Job-Trainees. Specific Objectives: Specifically this project aims to: Help the Administrator/Secretary to manage the records of the trainees effectively. Compute the total hours of training accurately. Secure the records of the trainees attendance. Significance of the Study The finished system will be beneficial to the following: Trainee they are given assurance that the attendance recorded for them is accurate because the proposed system will automatically compute their training hours. Moreover, because human intervention is eradicated, the fear of losing their Daily Time Record is got rid of. Administrator/Secretary they will not be involved anymore in the checking of the attendance. All they have to do is to validate the attendance of the trainees on the system and print the computer generated attendance report to IEEE the performance of the trainees. Scope and Limitation: The proposed system will only be for the use of the Provincial Human Resource Management Office Bombing, Uneven Vicar. The system will only support the basic information of the trainees. The system is capable of recording the attendance of the trainees and computing the total hours rendered of the trainee. Furthermore, the system is able to generate the summary of capturing the fingerprint of the trainee before and after their training which serves as their identification. However, the system is not capable of recording the trainees absences and their tardiness. CHAPTER II Reviews and Related Literature Today, there is a wide use of computers in a various application; a computation of bank statements, the use of robotics machine to speed up some factory works, enrollment and grading system in school and universities, networking and others. Man gradually realized the importance of computer to speed up communication even in remote areas and as means of transferring data for business needs. Computer can store information in a mass storage device. It can recall information in a speed of microseconds or even in nanoseconds. Therefore, man can easily retrieved stored information, change it and then store it again. Attendance Management Based from an online resource ( Weeklies. Com/what-is-attendance- management. HTML), Attendance management is a term used to describe the various managerial tools and strategies that aid in improving the regular attendance of employees. When effective, this type of attendance control helps the employer to avoid experiencing any downtime that may occur due to the absence of an employee, as well as help to prevent overloading other employees with additional tasks in order o avoid those downtime. A number of tools are used in the process of attendance management, including time clocks; employee maintained time sheets, and even time tracking software that helps to provide a snapshot of employee attendance over a specified period of time. One of the major goals of attendance management is to reduce the amount of absenteeism that occurs in the workplace. Purpose of Attendance Management The purpose of attendance management is to develop a willingness on the part of all employees to attend work regularly and to assist them in motivating their co- workers to attend work regularly. This can be done through; 1 . Addressing the physical and emotional needs of employees 2. Communicating the attendance goals of the organization so employees can understand and identify with them 3. Dealing with cases of excessive absenteeism effectively and fairly to produce deterrence. Management System Morris Slogan stated in his book Network and Distributed Systems Management that management of a system is concerned with supervising and controlling the system so that it fulfills the requirement of both the owners and users of the system. The management of the system may be performed by a mixture of human or automated components. What is Biometric? Biometrics means life measurement associated with the use of unique physiological characteristics to identify an individual. It is an authentication technique that relies on measurable physical characteristics that can be Identification based on biometric techniques obviates the need to remember a password or carry a token. A biometric system is essentially a patter n recognition system which makes a personal identification by determining the authenticity of a specific physiological or behavioral characteristic possessed by the user. Biometric cosmologies are defined as the automated methods of identifying or authenticating the identity of a living person based on a physiological characteristic. Several types of biometric identification schemes: face: the analysis of facial characteristics fingerprint: the analysis of an individuals unique fingerprints hand geometry: the analysis of the shape of the hand and the length of the fingers retina: the analysis of the capillary vessels located at the back of the eye iris: the analysis of the colored ring that surrounds the eyes pupil signature: the analysis of the way a person signs his name. In: the analysis of pattern of veins in the back if the hand and the wrist voice: the analysis of the tone, pitch, cadence and frequency of a persons voice. What is a Biometric Time and Attendance System? Biometrics is the identification of people based upon their physical characteristics; most commonly their fingerprints, hands, eyes, or facial features. While time and attendance systems are used to manage employee attendance, scheduling, and associated payroll tasks. Within time and attendance, biometric devices are often used as a punch clock in order to add an extra layer of security, accountability and efficiency. How Does Biometric Time and Attendance Software Work? Biometric Devices: Using biometric time and attendance systems allows employees to clock in and out using their fingerprint, retinal scan, etc. Often times this process is also accompanied by a PIN (Personal Identification Number) which must also match the fingerprint or other scan. Time and Attendance Software: Pairing your biometric device with a time and attendance software allows for more efficient payroll and attendance processing. Rather than spending hours adding up manually submitted clock-in and clock-out mimes, your biometric time and attendance software will allow you to automatically import data into your payroll software. This will significantly cut down on processing time and will eliminate errors derived from manually inputting information. Benefits of using Biometric Time and Attendance Software Accountability: By using a physical characteristic rather than simply using a swipe card or PIN, ensures that the employee is actually present. This avoids issues such as buddy punching, a term used to describe when other employees clock in and out for one another. Efficiency: Using a biometric time and attendance software allows or increased efficiency in multiple areas. First, employees dont have to worry about remembering to bring in a punch card or remembering a PIN, so there is less time spent on recovering lost passwords and manually inputting an employees clock-in time. Reduce errors: Time and Attendance software reduces the risk of human error and ensures and easy, impartial, and orderly approach in addressing specific needs without any confusion. Election devices may be used to control employee access to certain areas within a facility and track employee entry. Increase Productivity: Productivity increases cause the process is seamless and makes day-to-day operations more efficient and convenient. Eliminating legacy practices frees up employees time, decreases staffing overhead, and provides supervisors with timely labor data to more effectively manage their operations. Profit: A natural bi-product of increased accountability and efficiency is increased profit. By making employees more accountable to attendance times, you will increase productivity and only pay for time actually spent working. Fingerprint Biometric System Fingerprint Biometrics is a dynamic technology that provides an identification of a errors based on the acquisition and recognition of those unique patterns and ridges in a fingerprint. Standard systems are comprised of a sensor for scanning a fingerprint and a processor which stores the fingerprint database and software which compares and matches the fingerprint to the predefined database. Within the database, a fingerprint is usually matched to a reference number, or PIN number which is then matched to a persons name or account. The specific nature of todays biometric systems is associated with a specific use of the term biometrics. Biometrics is any use of biological data in technology. Biometric systems focusing exclusively on the identification of humans have become the major kind of biometric system in todays IT world. Finger Scanning Finger scanning is a biometric process; it involves the automated capture, analysis, and comparison of a specific characteristic of the human body. There are several different ways in which an instrument can bring out the details in the pattern of raised areas (called ridges) and branches (called bifurcations) in a human finger image. Biometric finger scanning offers improvements over ink-and-paper imaging. A omelet set of finger scans for a person can be easily copied, distributed, and transmitted over computer networks. In addition, computers can quickly analyze a finger scan and compare it with thousands of other finger scans, as well as with fingerprints obtained by traditional means and then digitally photographed and stored. This greatly speeds up the process of searching finger image records in criminal investigations. Fingerprint Matching A fingerprint is made of a series of ridges and furrows of the surface of the finger. The uniqueness of a fingerprint can be determined by the pattern of ridges and arrows as well as the minutiae points. Minutiae points are local ridge characteristics that occur at either a ridge bifurcation or a ridge ending. Fingerprint matching techniques: Minutiae-based techniques first find minutiae points and map their relative placement of the finger but is difficult to extract the minutiae points accurately when the fingerprint is of low quality. Correlation-based techniques require the precise location of a registration point and are affected by image translation and rotation. Large volumes of fingerprints are collected and stored every day in a wide range of applications including forensics, access control, and driver license registration. An automatic recognition of people based on fingerprints requires that the input The aim of this project is to develop a reliable attendance management system based on biometric fingerprint identification that can used to manage attendance of the trainees. Review of Related Studies A capstone project by Rosella P. Dung-ay, Marquee E. Naval and Jericho Rudy V. Victoria from Saint Marry University, Bombing entitled A Computerized Attendance and Payment Management System of Flex and Motion Fitness Gym is elated to the proposed project. This study manages the record of the customer to lessen the possibility of data loss and to monitor the customers attendance of Flex and Motion Fitness Gym. With this system, it improves organization of record and fast data retrieval. A project from Universities Identikit Malaysia Amelia by Mood Summary Bin Abdullah Sans with the title Attendance Management System using Fingerprint Scanner is similar to this the project . The aim of this project is to develop a reliable attendance tracking and recording system based on biometric fingerprint identification that can e used to monitor attendance of student. The system can automatically acquire, store and calculate the students data and attendance into a personal computer, PC or laptop. The main purpose of this project is to monitor the student attendance in lecture, laboratory and tutorial sessions in more efficient way. It will eliminate much of the problems and manual work associated with paper based system. This project will only involve the development of the software. Llama alfalfa is a capstone project proposed by Marline G. Bunyan, Alluvium C. Tubing, Hayden Galleon and Serenely Perez of Saint Marry University. This system covers the recording of time-in and time-out as well as monitoring the attendance of each employee. Crystalline Bonuses, Margaret Joy Riviera and Liege Samson, former students of Saint Marry University, proposed a project entitled A Students Library Attendance Monitoring System of Saint Marry University. The proposed project will help the students to login faster and easier, and store the records securely. The Library staffs then monitor the daily and total number of students easier and accurately. Another study related to our proposed project is a capstone project from by Rodeo Juicinesss Manage and Juniper Quito with the title Saint Marry University Varsity Attendance Monitoring System. This project was developed to help the varsity program in maintaining its credibility in the implementation of its time and attendance monitoring process.

How to Improve Your ACT English Score 9 Tips From a Perfect Scorer

How to Improve Your ACT English Score 9 Tips From a Perfect Scorer SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you struggling with ACT Englishscores between 14-24? You're not alone - hundreds of thousands of other students are scoring in this range. But many don't know the best ways to break out of this score range and get 26+on the ACT. Here we'll discuss how to improve ACT Englishscore effectively, and why it's so important to do so. Put these principles to work and I'm confident you'll be able to improve your score. Brief note: This article is tailored for lower-scoring students, currently scoring below a 26 on ACT English. If you're already above this range, my perfect 36 ACT Englishscore articlewill be better for you as it contains advanced strategies. In this article, I'm going to discuss why scoring high is a good idea, what it takes to score a 26, and then go into ACT English tips. Stick with me - this is like building a house. First you need to lay a good foundation before putting up the walls of the house and pretty windows. Similarly, we need to first understand why you're doing what you're doing, before diving into tips and strategies. In this guide, I talk mainly about getting to a 26. But if your goal is to get to a 24 or lower, these tips still equally apply. Understand the Stakes At this ACT score range, improving your low ACT Englishscore to a 24 range will dramatically boost your chances of getting into better colleges. The reason? A 26 puts you at right about the 83rd percentile, well above the national average of all ACT test takers. This is roughly equivalent to a 1200 out of 1600 on the SAT. Let's take a popular school, University of Central Florida (UCF), as an example. Its average ACT score is a 27. Its 25th percentile score is a 23, and 75th percentile is a 28. Furthermore, its acceptance rate is 49%. In other words, a little less than half of all applicants are admitted. Good odds, but the lower your scores, the worse your chances. In our analysis, if you apply with an ACT score of 23, your chance of admission drops to 23%, or around 1/4 chance. But if you raise your score to a 28, your chance of admission goes up to 55% - a very good chance of admission. For the Englishsection, this is especially true if you want to apply to humanities or language programs. They expect your Englishscore to be better than your math score, and if you score low, they'll doubt your ability to do college-level humanities work. It's really worth your time to improve your ACT score. Hour for hour,it's the best thing you can do to raise your chance of getting into college. Curious what chances you have with a 26 ACT score? Check out ourexpert college admissions guide for a 26 ACT score. Know that You Can Do It This isn't just some lame inspirational message you see on the back of a milk carton. I mean, literally, you and every other student can do this. In my work with PrepScholar, I've worked with thousands of students scoring in the lower ranges of 15-21. Time after time, I see students who beat themselves up over their low score and think improving it is impossible. "I know I'm not smart." "I've just never been good at writing, and I can't see myself scoring high." "I don't know what to study to improve my score. Is it grammar rules? Do I do practice?" It breaks my heart. Because I know that more than anything else, your ACT score is a reflection ofhow hard you work and how smartly you study. Not your IQ and not your school grades. Not how Ms. Anderson in 10th grade gave you a C on your essay. Here's why: the ACT is a weird test. When you take it, don't you get the sense that the questions are nothing like what you've seen in school? You've learned grammar before in school. You know some basic grammar rules. But the ACT questions just seem so much weirder. It's purposely designed this way. The ACT can't test difficult concepts, because this would be unfair for students who never took AP English. It can't ask you to decompose Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov. The ACT is a national test, which means it needs a level playing field for all students around the country. So it HAS to test concepts that all high school students will cover. How to transition between paragraphs, grammar rules like subject verb agreement, etc. You've learned all of this throughout school. But the ACT still has to make the test difficult, so it needs to test these concepts in strange ways. This trips up students who don't prepare, but it rewards students who understand the test well. Example Question Here's an example: find the grammar error in this sentence: The senator, along with his dozen campaign staff, are running a competitive race against the newcomer. This is a classic ACT English question. The error is in subject/verb agreement. The subject of the sentence is commissioner, which is singular. The verb is "run," but because the subject is singular, it should really be "runs." If you didn't see an error, you fell for a classic ACT English trap. It purposely confused you with the interrupting phrase, "along with his 20 staff members." You're now picturing 20 people in a campaign - which suggests a plural verb! The ACT English section is full of examples like this. Nearly every grammar rule is tested in specific ways, and if you don't prepare for these, you're going to do a lot worse than you should. Here's the good news: this might have been confusing the first time, but the next time you see a question like this, you'll know exactly what to do: find the subject and the verb, and get rid of the interrupting phrase. So to improve your ACT English score, you just need to: learn the grammar rules that the ACT tests study how the ACT tests these grammar rules and learn how to detect which grammar rule you need in a question practice on a lot of questions so you learn from your mistakes I'll go into more detail about exactly how to do this. First, let's see how many questions you need to get right to get a certain score. What It Takes to Get a 26in ACT English If we have a target ACT score out of 36 in mind, it helps to understand how many questions you need to get right on the actual test. The ACT English section has 75 questions on it. Depending on how many questions you get right, you'll get a Scaled score out of 36. Here's the raw score to ACT English Score conversion table. (If you could use a refresher on how the ACT is scored and how raw scores are calculated, read this.) Scaled Raw Scaled Raw Scaled Raw Scaled Raw 36 75 27 62 18 41-42 9 18-19 35 72-74 26 60-61 17 39-40 8 15-17 34 71 25 58-59 16 36-38 7 12-14 33 70 24 56-57 15 32-35 6 10- 32 68-69 23 53-55 14 29-31 5 8-9 31 67 22 51-52 13 27-28 4 6-7 30 66 21 48-50 12 25-26 3 4-5 29 65 20 45-47 23-24 2 2-3 28 63-64 19 43-44 10 20-22 1 0-1 So if you're aiming for a 26, on this test you need to get just 60 questions correct. This is just an 80% on the test! Also, keep in mind that you'll be able to GUESS on a lot of questions. Because there are 4 answer choices, you get a lot of questions right with a 25% chance! So here's an example. Let's say you know how to solve just 55 questions for sure. You guess on the remaining 20, and get 5 of them right by chance. This gives you a raw score of 60, or a scaled score of 26! This has serious implications for your testing strategy. In essence, you only need to answer 4/5 of all questions right. We'll go into more detail below about what this means for your testing strategy below. Whatever you're scoring now, take note of the difference you need to get to a 26. For example, if you're scoring a 21, you need to answer 10-13 more questions right to get to a 26. Once again, if your goal is a score below 26, like a 23, the same analysis applies. Just look up what your Raw Score demands above. OK - so we've covered why scoring a higher ACT Englishscore is important, why you specifically are capable of improving your score, and the raw score you need to get to your target. Now we'll actually get into actionable ACT English tipsthat you should use in your own studying to maximize your score improvement. Tipsto Improve Your Low ACT English Score Strategy 1: Know What's On the Test. It's Not Just About Grammar! The first tip to doing well on the ACT is understanding what you're actually going to be tested on. You need to predict every type of question that comes up so you have a game plan to get the right answer. If you've studied ACT English before, you've probably worried about memorizing grammar rules like subject/verb agreement or pronoun antecedent. The truth is, grammar is only half of the test. The other half is made up of what are called "Rhetorical Skills" s of concepts you need to know are Wordiness (how to phrase things concisely) and Transitional Logic (how to connect sentences and paragraphs together). For these skills, you don't just memorize grammar rules - you need to understand how to write effectively in the context of the ACT. At PrepScholar, we believe in dividing ACT English into individual skills you can attack separately. This is the best way to divide and conquer - understand what the ACT tests, and focus on mastering individual skills. Here's a complete breakdown of the skills in ACT English: Grammar (53% of ACT English) Punctuation - Commas Punctuation - General Number Agreement Pronouns Verb Forms Comparison/Description Word Choice Idioms Run-On Sentences Sentence Fragments Parallelism Modifiers Rhetorical Skills (47% of ACT English) Relevance Author Intent Transitional Logic Macro Logic Wordiness Formality and Tone That's it! All of ACT English is wrapped up in these 18 skills. What seemed like a scary, giant 75-question section can actually be wrapped up entirely in these 18 skills. Now, don't get overwhelmed. This may LOOK like a lot of stuff to study,but when you're aiming for a 26, you only have to master a fraction of these skills. I'll explain more in the next strategy. For a more detailed look, check out our guide breaking down theACT Englishsection. Strategy 2: Learn the Most Important Grammar Rules. Ignore the Others If you've tried studying for ACT English before, you might have been daunted by the large number of grammar rules you seem to have to know. The reality is, there is a huge difference in how important different grammar rules are on the test. Just as an example, Transition questions appear roughly 9 times per test, but Logical Comparison questions show up only once per test. So some skills show up nearly 10x more often than other skills!This has a huge implication on what you should be spending your precious time on studying - not all study hours are treated equal. If you study the most important grammar rules first, you will get the biggest bang for your buck. Here's the complete list of skills and how often they appear on a typical ACT English section: Skill Category # per Test % per Test Transitional Logic Rhetoric 9 12.41% Relevance Rhetoric 7 9.49% Wordiness Rhetoric 7 9.49% Punctuation - Commas Grammar 5 6.93% Punctuation - General Grammar 5 6.93% Macro Logic Rhetoric 5 6.57% Author Intent Rhetoric 4 5.84% Run-On Sentences Grammar 4 5.84% Idioms Grammar 4 5.47% Verb Forms Grammar 4 5.% Sentence Fragments Grammar 3 4.01% Word Choice Grammar 3 4.01% Formality and Tone Rhetoric 3 3.65% Pronouns Grammar 3 3.65% Number Agreement Grammar 2 3.28% Parallelism Grammar 2 2.92% Modifiers Grammar 2 2.92% Comparison/Description Grammar 1 1.46% Look at the difference in commonality between the skills. Transitional logic shows up a whopping 9 times per test, while modifiers shows up just 2 times. If it takes the same amount of time to study both skills, clearly your time is better spent on studying Transitional logic. Remember what we said about how you only need to get 80% of questions correct to get a 26? If you master the top 10 skills above and get all those questions right, you can totally ignore the other 8 skills!This is what I mean by bang for your buck. Unfortunately, most books and test prep resources ignore this distinction - they just treat every skill equally. They'll give you the same number of practice questions and give you no guidance on how to spend your time. This means you can waste a lot of time studying things that truly don't matter on the ACT. (Why do they do this? I believe this is usually because these companies hire people who are good at English to write their materials, NOT people who are good at taking tests. These are different skills). At PrepScholar, we strongly believe in getting our students the biggest score improvement for every hour they spend on ACT prep. This is why our program focuses your attention on the most important skills that will lead to the most ACT score improvement. You only have limited time to study, and we don't want to waste it.We designed our program this way because they were the same methods we used to get perfect scores on the ACT. If you plan to study by yourself - make sure you organize your time well.Instead of reading a book cover to cover, you should be focusing on the most critical grammar rules to improve your score most. Strategy 3: Find Your Grammar Weaknesses and Drill Them If you're like most students, you're better at some areas in ACT English than others. You might know transitions really well, but you'll be weak in sentence fragments. Or maybe you really like parallel construction, but have no idea what faulty modifiers are. If you're like most students, you also don't have an unlimited amount of time to study. You have a lot of homework,you might have intense extracurriculars, and you want to spend time with your friends. This means for every hour you study for the ACT, it needs to be the most effective hour possible to raise your ACT score. In concrete terms,you need to find your greatest areas of improvement and work on those. Too many students study the 'dumb' way. They just buy a book and read it cover to cover. When they don't improve, they're SHOCKED. I'm not. Studying effectively for the ACT isn't like painting a house. You're not trying to apply thin coats of understanding evenly across a lot of subjects. What these students did wrong was they wasted time on subjects they already knew well, and they didn't spend enough time improving their weak spots. Instead, studying effectively for the ACT is like plugging up the holes of a leaking boat. You need to find the biggest hole, and fill it. Then you find the next biggest hole, and you fix that. Soon you'll find that your boat isn't sinking at all. How does this relate to ACT English? You need to find the most important grammar rules that you're having the most trouble in, and then practice hard until it's no longer a weakness. Fixing up the biggest holes. Doesn't this make sense? For every question that you miss, you need to identify the type of question it is, and why you missed it. When you notice patterns to the questions you miss, you then need to find extra practice for this grammar rule. Say you miss a lot of comma punctuation questions (the mostcommon ACT English grammar rule). You need to find a way to get lesson material to teach yourself the main concepts that you're forgetting. Then you need to find more practice questions for this skill so you can drill your mistakes. This is by far the best way for you to improve your Englishscore. Bonus: If all of this is making sense to you, you'd love our ACT prep program, PrepScholar. We designed our program around the concepts in this article, because they actually work.When you start with PrepScholar, you’ll take a diagnostic that will determine your weaknesses in over forty ACT skills, including individual grammar rules. PrepScholar then creates a study program specifically customized for youto maximize your score. To improve each skill, you’ll take focused lessons dedicated to each skill, with over 20 practice questions per skill. This will train you for your specific area weaknesses, so your time is always spent most effectively to raise your score. For example, if you're weak in Subject/Verb Agreement, we'll give you a dedicated quiz focused on that skill so that you master your weakness. There’s no other prep system out there that does it this way, which is why we get better score results than any other program on the market. Check it out today with a 5-day free trial: Strategy 4:Attack Passages Sanely - By Paragraph ACT English has a passage-based format. You get a passage with 4-6 paragraphs, and you get 15 questions per passage. When you go into the test, you MUST have a plan on how to attack the passage and answer the questions. Students make two common mistakes on ACT English: They panic about how many questions there are (75!) and they rush through the passage, making careless mistakes along the way. They think that only sentences that are underlined are important, and they ignore the sentences in between. This makes you ignore context, which is critical for Rhetoric questions like Transitions and Organization. Have you ever felt this way before? The good news is, there's a sane way to attack the passage. We call it the "paragraph method." Here's how it works: Read a paragraph in the passage. Answer the questions in that paragraph. Here's an example passage: In this case, you read the passage until you hit the purple line. Then you answer all the questions marked in purple boxes. Next, you read the passage until you hit the green line. Then you answer the question marked in a green box. That's it. Pretty simple, but here's why it works: by reading each paragraph one at time, you force yourself to understand the context around the sentences. This is critical for Rhetoric questions like, "Should this sentence be deleted?" or "Sentence 3 should be placed before..." For example, notice how Question 26 comes at the beginning of the paragraph, but it requires you to understand the rest of the paragraph first: "which one most effectively introduces the information that follows in this paragraph?" In our experience, this is the most effective and sanest way to attack the ACT English passage. If you want to read more about this strategy, and possible alternatives to this method, read more: "The Best Way to Approach ACT English Passages." Because strategy lessons like this can be very effective in improving your score quickly, we include many of them in our PrepScholar ACT program. Learn how to eliminate answer choices systematically. Strategy 5: Don't Pick Answer Choices Based on "Sounding Weird." Know the Specific Rule Being Tested The ACT tests proper English grammar very strictly. Imagine that it's a 60-year-old English professor with perfect diction and grammar. It's not going to be the same language you use when you talk to your friends or text. For example: "Jake and me went to the ball game." This might be something you say informally in conversation, but it's 100% wrong on ACT English. A lot of students figure out grammar mistakes by what "sounds wrong" to their ear. The problem is,if you usually don't spot grammar errors easily, you can't fully rely on your ear to figure out what "sounds wrong."The ACT knows this, and it purposely puts in traps that will trick you if you can't precisely identify what's wrong and what's correct. Here's what you should do instead. For every wrong answer choice that you eliminate, you should justify to yourself clearly why you are eliminating that answer choice. Here's an example of a real ACT English question: Here's my thinking as I go through the question: When I see this sentence, there's a comma splice error. "The shop opens at six in the morning" and "I arrive thirty minutes early to set up" are both independent clauses. Two independent clauses can only be joined with a semicolon, or a comma and a conjunction (like ", and") F: NO CHANGE is incorrect because it keeps the comma splice error we just found. G: This gets us closer - there's a comma here, followed by "however," The problem is that "however" isn't a conjunction - it's a conjunctive adverb. That means it doesn't behave like "and" - it needs to follow a semicolon or a period. Strike this out. H: This is what we were looking for - a comma and a conjunction. This is grammatically correct. J: This is just removing the comma, which doesn't solve the error - it then becomes a "run on sentence" where the two independent clauses are still improperlyjoined. I've eliminated every answer choice but H, which must be the correct answer. Note that I'm not literally thinking all these words in my head, but this gives the gist of my thinking. I've identified the specific grammar error, so I know what I'm looking for. It's like if I told you, "The bee fly to the hive." You know this is wrong instantly if you say it aloud because it feels wrong. After a few more seconds, you'd be able to point out that "bee" is singular and "fly" is plural, so we have a subject/verb agreement error. By learning more grammar rules and practicing them, you'll be able to do this elimination very quickly and naturally. You'll pinpoint exact reasons that a phrase has a grammar error and use that to eliminate answer choices. This is a lot better than guessing based on things "sounding weird" and you'll get many more questions right. It really does take repetition to train grammar skills to this level, though. You need both lesson material to teach you the core content, then lots of practice questions to hammer the concepts home. That's whyinPrepScholar ACT, every ACT English skill gets a detailed strategy lesson, followed by dozens of practice questions to test what you just learned. We've found this to be the most effective method to learn the most important ACT English concepts. If you're studying by yourself without a program, make sure you can find the best study material to teach you grammar and give you enough practice. Strategy 6: Understand ALLYour ACT English Mistakes Every mistake you make on a test happens for a reason.If you don't understand exactly why you missed that question, you will make that mistake over and over again. Too many students scoring at the 12-20score range spend too little time studyingtheir mistakes. It's harsh. I get it. It sucks to stare your mistakes in the face. It's draining to learn difficult concepts you don't already understand. So the average student will breeze past their mistakes and instead focus on areas they're already comfortable with. It's like a warm blanket. Their thinking goes like this: "So I'm good at subject/verb agreement? I should do more subject/verb agreement problems! They make me feel good about myself." The result? NO SCORE IMPROVEMENT. Think about this: let's say you were learning how to cook, and you cut your finger accidentally while chopping carrots. Would you just ignore this, brush it aside, and keep chopping? No! You'd figure out where you went wrong - are you holding the knife incorrectly? Are you holding the carrot incorrectly? Is the knife sharp enough? You would do everything you can to avoid cutting yourself, because it's painful. ACT English is the very same way. You HAVE to understand WHYyou're making mistakes, and how you're going to AVOID making this mistake in the future. So here'swhat you need to do: on every practice test or question set that you take, mark every question that you're even 20% unsure about when you grade your test or quiz, review every single question that you marked, and every incorrect question. This way even if you guessed a question correctly, you'll make sure to review it. in a notebook, keep a separate section by grammar rule. Write down: the gist of the question why you missed it what you'll do to avoid that mistake in the future It's not enough to just think about it and move on. It's not enough to just read the answer explanation. You have to think hard about why you specifically failed on this question. By taking this structured approach to your mistakes,you'll now have a running log of every question you missed, and your reflection on why. In our ACT prep philosophy, reviewing your mistakes is the #1 way to improve your ACT score.We've designed our program accordingly - after you take a quiz inour PrepScholar ACT program, we give you immediate quiz results to review. We basically force you to review your mistakes before you do anything else. It's that important. No excuses when it comes to your mistakes. Strategy 7: Go Deeper - WHY Did You Miss a English Question? Now, what are some common reasons that you missed a question? Don't just say, "I didn't know this material." That's a cop out and you won't learn anything from this. Always take it one step further - what specifically did you miss, and what do you have to improve in the future? Here are some examples of common reasons you miss a question, and how you take the analysis one step further: Content:I didn't learn the knowledge or grammar rule needed to answer this question. One step further:What specific knowledge do I need to learn, and how will I learn this skill? Incorrect Approach:I knew the content or grammar rule, but I didn't know how to approach this question. One step further:How do I solve this question? How will I solve questions like this in the future? Careless Error:I misread what the question was asking for or I missed a grammar rule I already knew. One step further:Why did I misread the question? Why did I miss this grammar error? What trick did the ACT play on me? What should I do in the future to avoid this? Get the idea? You're really digging into understanding why you're missing questions. Yes, this is hard, and it's tiring, and it takes effort.That's why most students who study the easy way - just reading a book cover to cover - don't improve. But you're different. Just by reading this guide, you're already proving that you care more than other students. And if you apply these principles and analyze your mistakes, you'll improve more than other students too. If you find it hard to understand why you're making mistakes, then you might find a program like PrepScholar helpful. Every one of our questions has a detailed answer explanation explaining how to solve the question, how to eliminate each wrong answer choice, and common ACT English traps. We purposefully write these explanations to guide you when you've missed an answer choice. Strategy 8: Don't Spend More than 30 Seconds per Question Of all sections, ACT English has the least amount of time per question. In one section, you get 60minutes to answer 75 questions, which means only 48 seconds per question! Remember what we said above about getting a 26? You only need a raw score of 60 out of 75. This is 80%. Therefore, DON'T feel bad about skipping a question. Chances are, it's actually a pretty hard question designed to waste your time. You're better off skipping it so you can get more questions right elsewhere in the section. Furthermore, you can't predict which questions are easy or hard. Unlike ACT Math, where the questions increase in difficulty from start to finish, ACT English is more or less random. So if you find yourself spending more than 30 seconds on a single question, skip it for now. You might have enough time to come back to it. You definitely want to avoid sucking up 2 minutes on a single question. This is taking up way more time than a single question deserves, and you're better off spending that time on other questions to get extra points. This requires discipline during the test, and many students ignore the clock until it's too late. Don't run out of time. And now, my final ACT English prep tip: Strategy 9: Don't Study General Grammar. Target ACT English When many low-scoring students think about studying ACT English, they think it's mainly a matter of learning grammar. So to prep for ACT English, they'll use general grammar books from school or English class. This points you in the wrong direction. Remember, ACT English tests grammar in very SPECIFIC ways. You're not learning how to write a good essay and using good grammar generally. You're learning how to defeat ACT English. The ways that grammar rules like punctuation or run-on sentences appear on ACT English are very formulaic - they show up in similar ways each time, with similar wrong answer choices. A run-on sentence question will have the same types of wrong answer choices, time and time again. Your job is to learn these patterns, screen out wrong answer choices, and get the right answer. So to do well on ACT English, you have to train with the best materials focused on ACT English. This means realistic practice questions that test Grammar and Rhetoric skills in the same way. Understanding the ACT at a deep level isn't easy. That's why at PrepScholar, we hire only the country's leading experts on the ACT to craft our test content. All of our test content writers scored perfect ACT scores or in the 99th-percentile, and they've often tutored for hundreds of hours before joining us. We turn down dozens of applicants who score a 34 or below on the ACT. Our standards for content are extremely high, because we want our students to have the most realistic practice possible. If you don't use PrepScholar, make sure you're confident of the quality of the materials you're using.If you train on low quality practice questions, you're going to develop bad habits and learn to attack questions the wrong way. In Overview These are the main ACT English tips I have for you to improve your score. If you're scoring a 15, you can improve it to a 20. If you're scoring a 21, you can boost it to a 26. I guarantee it, if you put in the right amount of work, and study like I'm suggesting above. Notice that I didn't actually teach you that many grammar rules. I didn't point to any tips and tricks that you need to know, or specific grammar rules that will instantly raise your score. That's because these one-size-fits-all, guaranteed strategies don't really exist. (And anyone who tells you this is deceiving you). Every student is different. Instead, you need to understand where you're falling short, and drill those weaknesses continuously. You also need to be thoughtful about your mistakes and leave no mistake ignored. This is really important to your future. Make sure you give ACT prep the attention it deserves, before it's too late, and you get a rejection letter you didn't want. What's Next? We have a lot more useful guides to raise your ACT score. Read my corresponding guides for other ACT sections: Get a 26 in ACTMath, ACT Reading, and ACT Science. What's a good ACT score for you? Read our detailed guide on figuring out your ACT target score. Want a bunch of free ACT practice tests to practice with? Here's our comprehensive list of every free ACT practice test. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points?We have the industry's leading ACT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and ACT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Allen Cheng About the Author As co-founder and head of product design at PrepScholar, Allen has guided thousands of students to success in SAT/ACT prep and college admissions. He's committed to providing the highest quality resources to help you succeed. Allen graduated from Harvard University summa cum laude and earned two perfect scores on the SAT (1600 in 2004, and 2400 in 2014) and a perfect score on the ACT. You can also find Allen on his personal website, Shortform, or the Shortform blog. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Recreation & Leisure Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

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Sincerity and Professional Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Darwin as the New Mythology Essay Example for Free

Darwin as the New Mythology Essay It has been a major struggle for the scientific community to understand the persistence of religious belief. After centuries of writing by rationalist thinkers, it remains a mystery why so many continue to believe in the old gods. The survival of religion has been though revolution, political and economic change and every conceivable alteration of consciousness throughout the ages. â€Å"Common sense† would then say that religion, in some very real sense, is true, is righteous and factual if it has survived so many changes. Buckert, however, holds that the only way to explain this persistence, short of admitting there is much truth behind it, is that it assists humanity in adapting to changing environments: in short, making religion part of the Darwinian universe. This review will revolve around the methods used by the author in deriving his conclusion, really on the basis that his treatments of the specific cases are so lacking in detail as to be purely superficial. Hence, the real meat of the book lies in methodology, the â€Å"suggestion† of alternate ways of looking at religion. Buckert begins by making the claim that nearly all researchers on religion hold: that there are undeniable similarities among all religions, regardless of their background or geographical origin (4-6). There is the ubiquity of prayer and sacrifice, the saturation of symbol and other forms of communication within groups, and ultimately, the creation and maintenance of group solidarity, itself an important ingredient in winning the struggle for survival (13). Ultimately, the book makes a single argument: religion makes sense because it assists in the struggle for survival. Even institutions such as self sacrifice and the rejection of competition among certain religions are in fact adaptive behaviors that maintain the solidarity necessary to function in a hostile world. There is no specific reason who religion and religious ideas specifically are necessary for this, nor does this explain the persistence of belief, though it may offer a suggestion as to its ancient origin–which are two different arguments. One interesting (and irritating) feature of this book is that there is no real â€Å"argument† given in the standard sense, rather than a series of suggestions loosely held together by what might be called â€Å"popular Darwinism. † This singular suggestion, that religion â€Å"works† for maintaining solidarity is certainly nothing new, and offers such a superficial view of disparate religions that it remains merely a suggestion, a means of planting doubts among readers who are followers of a certain religious system. Religions such as Christianity or Islam are described in one or two sentence snippets, clearly â€Å"sacrificing† detail for the sake of a smoothly running argument, the ultimate drawback of this work. Giving this thesis in more detail, the author brings this thesis to bear on such objects as guilt, hierarchy, meaning and gift giving–all of these exist in the realm of biology and the world of problem solving within the context of group solidarity, itself a biological mechanism. Again, all of these are described in a few lines, providing a superficial context for the generalizations upon which the book is based. Guilt, for example (cf 103-105), is the beginning of problem solving. Natural disasters, disease, etc. are inevitably met by questions such as â€Å"why us? † Hence, guilt fixes blame so that the group can then go about the business of reinforcing its solidarity to fix the problem. Uses of guilt and shame are constant to punish deviants and maintain solidarity, not to mention reinforcing the world of hierarchy and authority relations. â€Å"Meaning† is offered, on the most general level possible, as finding a purpose in a universe of â€Å"infinite complexity† (26). Of course, Darwin himself could also serve these ends. â€Å"Sacrifice† is treated in an interesting, yet radically general way, as the utilitarian doctrine as sacrificing the part for the whole. In other words, the author uses the example of an animal chewing off its own foot to get out of a trap. Human sacrifice is something like that. This is the basic structure of the book and the method of generalization. â€Å"Generalization† here is deliberately called a method because the argument only works (or at least works smoothly) when it functions at a high level of generality. A specialized study of religious systems will bring out so many deviations from this general scheme as to render it useless. Hence, it must remain at a superficial level. What is the most significant element of the book, however, is the methodology itself. The best way to understand the flow and structure of this work is to grasp the methodological assumptions that are inherent in it. None of these assumptions are argued for, and it is assumed that readers will agree a priori. a. Objects in the natural world create the consciousness not just of peoples, but of communities. Consciousness is not considered an autonomous object and free will is rejected implicitly, consciousness is created by the existence of objects in space and time, and hence, is controlled by them. b. Putting this differently, Buckert assumes that consciousness is a material object, itself part and parcel of the world of cause and effect. This is tantamount to holding that the religious objects of worship or fetish are not actually real, but are artifacts, in fact, residual categories, of the enslavement of consciousness to the world of matter and competition. Even more, that all religions are like this and have the same root, regardless of the background, geography or time period in which they develop. c. The beliefs and methods of the modern scientific mind and their conclusions are assumed to be true, and hence, any treatment of religion (or any social phenomenon whatever) must conform to their demands. In other words, instead of couching his phrases in terms of religion according to â€Å"natural selection,† Buckert phrases his approach in terms of â€Å"facts† and â€Å"truth† about the world of material bodies and cause and effect, within which consciousness develops and takes its course. Needless to say, this approach undercuts his own claim to objectivity and scientific rationalism. d. Another major methodological assumption here is that all thought patterns, or patterns of consciousness require a cause, and this cause is provided by group solidarity and the struggle for survival. Putting this differently, each pattern of consciousness, that is, any systematized belief system must have its roots in evolutionary biology to be made sense of. This is to say that any thought pattern that can be traced throughout time in some superficially similar pattern must have a cause with roots in biology. Of course, this means that group solidarity is itself a biological function and hence, all forms of thought that reinforce such solidarity. e. A striking claim made implicitly throughout the book (and made the bedrock of the argument) is that religious claims are ultimately false. Better, not so much false or true but beyond such evaluations because the purpose is survival and competition, rather than claims of truth or falsity. Of course, religious devotees regularly make truth claims, and many of these claims are directly detrimental to their survival or flourishing. The answer to these claims can be found in the â€Å"Escape and Offerings† chapter (chapter two), where the author holds that when one can see sacrifice as beneficial (cutting off an arm that could infect the whole body, for example), the personal sacrifices of martyrs, etc, can be explained (34-38). This is the â€Å"fallacy of equivocation,† since one is using the word â€Å"sacrifice† in two very different senses and contexts. One might see the utility in sacrificing one to save the whole, but this has nothing to do with explaining the desire for martyrdom or the sacrifice of millions in persecutions of religion. â€Å"Sacrifice† is here used in two different senses. f. States of consciousness such as guilt or reciprocation make no sense unless placed in a Darwinian context. This is merely the thesis restated. But implicitly, this argues that states such as guilt are residual categories of the evolutionary process, and hence, are not real, they are epi-phenomena at best. The argument comes down to justifying one’s own feelings of guilt by claiming that these guilt feelings assist in the development of group solidarity, and hence, it is acceptable that I feel them. Again, this is equivocation, making the jump from the collective to the individual within the same argument. In fact, equivocation is just as much central to Buckert as anything else, since the entire structure of the book is a regular back and forth between the animal world and the development of human religion. Hence if it can be justified in the animal kingdom, it is justified in human society, and if in human society, then the individual. g. Finally, Buckert fails to see the self-referential argument involved. If thought processes are part of the biological process and creative of social solidarity (or are derivative from it), then the Darwinian consensus of the modern scientific establishment also then falls into this category. Such a consensus assists biology in developing its rhetorical weapons, its receipt of grant money and its social prestige. How are these not nearly identical to the present argument concerning religion? In conclusion, the Buckert book here under review is a series of logical equivocations and false parallelisms. Ultimately, the book might have worked if the field of ancient religion had been its specific base (and it the author’s field, after all), rather than seeking to answer the question of the persistence of religion over time. Religion in its primitive, polytheistic sense might fit Buckert’s thesis. However, the existence of a sophisticated Christianity in the High Middle Ages, on the other hand, does not so fit. Developed, literate religions such as Islam have created as many barriers to group solidarity as catalysts, and hence, the argument breaks down. One might conclude that since modern societies have developed new means of reinforcing group solidarity, this method of explanation then fails (a priori) to explain why billions still believe.

Black Death Essay -- History, Plague

The most immediate effect of the plague was that it led to higher wages for the poor. Prior to the Black Death, Europe was in a state of overpopulation, and famines were a frequent occurrence (Herlihy 39). After the arrival of the first outbreak of plague, however, Europe's population dropped somewhere between twenty-five and forty-five percent (Gottfried 77). Not only that, but, repeated occurrences of plague kept Europe's population lowered, and it did not regain its pre-plague levels until the mid-sixteenth century (Gottfried 134). That overwhelming loss of so many lives turned the situation around, and suddenly Europe was facing a labor shortage. That gave laborers an advantage over their employers. With the lack of workers able to fill positions, people were able to negotiate their employment, demanding more money. If their demands were not met, they were often able to find better opportunities elsewhere (Ziegler 233). This led Matteo Villani to complain in 1363 that, à ¢â‚¬Å"Serving girls and unskilled women with no experience in service and stable boys want at least 12 florins per year, and the most arrogant among them 18 or 24 florins per year, and also nurses and minor artisans working with their hands want three times or nearly the usual pay †¦ † (Herlihy 48-49). That shows, clearly, what was happening at the time. Not only did workers want more money, they expected it. What is more important, however, is that they actually received more pay. In fact, wages doubled overall in the period after the plague. Evidence has shown that during the period between the 1340's and 1390's, skilled construction worker's pay rose from 3d to 5d per day in Southern England, and those who were unskilled saw an increase from 1 ½d to 3d... ...cent (Gottfried 97). That led to a new trend in Europe, one where many landlords, unable to obtain a profit from their lands, leased their lands to the serfs for a cash rent, and many became absentee landlords (Gottfried 138). For instance, on one manor in the baliwick of Clare, most of the lands were being leased out by 1380 (Ziegler 239). In another example, in Witchurch England in 1383 the landlord, Richard Talbot, switched to leasing the lands after attempts to directly farm in failed (Platt 50). And those are just a couple of the many examples of that occurring. What that meant for the serfs who received leases was that they were no longer bound by the chains of serfdom. They could farm the lands as they saw fit, keep what they needed for their families, and sell what they didn't. In return for this they only needed to pay a cash rent to the landlord.

Company †BlackBerry mobiles Essay

BCG matrix is a portfolio planning model, which is used to determine position of the product in the product portfolio of the company. Under this model, company divides its business units into four categories on the basis of combinations of market growth and market share comparative to the leading opponent. This model helps the management to analyze the future growth of different business units. We can take the example of BlackBerry mobiles. It is the Canadian telecommunication and wireless equipment company best known to the general public as the developer of the BlackBerry brand of smart phones and tablets. At one point of time, BlackBerry mobiles were considered as best mobiles in the market. They use to give direct competition to the Nokia and apple mobile phones. In 2011, the market share of the BlackBerry mobiles was 14.3%. But, over the last few years, company market share has declined to 0.6%. In BCG Matrix, we can place the BlackBerry mobiles into question mark category. We have placed the BlackBerry mobiles into question mark category because the market of mobile is increasing with the rate of around 40% but the market share of the BlackBerry mobiles is deceasing every year. Apart from BlackBerry, all other major mobile phone companies such as Samsung, Apple, Huawei, and Lenovo are growing with good pace. Actually, unlike other companies, BlackBerry did not focused on innovation. It was the last major mobile manufacturing company, which introduced the smart phone. They do not able to match the expectations and needs of the people, due to which company lost its market share into the hands of other mobile manufacturing companies. References http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/matrix/bcg/ http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2665715 http://bgr.com/2014/02/12/blackberry-market-share-q4-2013/ http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-05-28/blackberry-market-share-to-fall-to-0-3-in-2018-idc-says.html

Business Communication Essay

Introduction This report is based on how nonverbal communication such as body language can be used within the hospitality environment when language becomes a barrier in the form of contact between the service provider and the guests. This highlights how a staff, who works within the hospitality industry who are usually seen on a daily bases dealing with certain number of guests who is unable to speak the local language. These staffs must not only be able to notice the different body language that the guests are sending but to understand what each different body language means in order to provide the guests with the best service possible. This could involve the basic forms of interaction such as eye contact, hand gestures and the physical space between the service staff and the guests (Sana Rynolds & Deborah Valentine 2004, p. 77 – 90). With studies have stating that a majority of communication done is non-verbal and the rest is verbal (Linda Lee-Davis 2007 p. 127), this could heavily affect the communication between the first contact between the guest and staff if the staff is unable to use body language to try and understand what was it meant for. As a tourist travelling to a new destination With more and more tourist having the motivation of traveling to a different country for short break or long overdue holiday, the situation that they might face there is they might not be able to speak the local language and finding a local person that might speak the same language as them might be hard provide that these guests are in a group which have a tour leader together with them. (J Christopher Holloway 2009 p. 62 – 66) Free independent travellers (F.I.T) who on the other hand usually travel alone or without guides, usually have to rely on hand signs and body language in order to get the message across to the local service provider’s staff for examples at the hotel and restaurants and hoping that they would be able to understand what the traveller is saying or tying to say. Should a guest or traveller who know the certain information about body language and is being served by a front line staff, the guest would be able to tell if the staff is providing the guest with the quality of service and value that is expected of the organisation or the staff does not care about the service that he or she is providing. As a staff of a hospitality service provider For staffs who are working in the hospitality industry especially as a front line staff in places such as boutique shops, hotels or restaurants which interacting with guests would be a daily part of the job. These staff would need to have a better understanding of the different types of body languages and what each of these different body languages represent so that the staff would be able to know how the guest or customer is feeling or reacting if the opposite party does not speak the language the staff speaks. As a front line staff in such an industry, being trained to recognise certain body languages that the guests are displaying like nervousness or doubt can help those guests in their problems and make their experience an enjoyable one. While dealing with guests, different forms of body languages like eye contact lets the guests know that the staff is trying to help him or her in their problems and not just for the sake that it is part of their job; this reassures the guest that the staff is trying his or her best to solve their problems, the facial expression can also be used to show the guest that the staff might not understand like nodding of the head for a yes or a no or a simple smile to indicate a simple kind of friendliness toward the guests and the staff is there to help. The staff should also know some information about different cultures so as to avoid offending the guest that they are serving or help as to some cultures it might seem appropriate but to another it might be taken as an offence towards them. (Linda LeeDavis 2007 p. 127) Examples of how body language can be used in such an environment As one example, a tourist visits a place of attraction and is lost among the attraction at the same time, tourist does not speak the local language; in such cases, the tourist would display signs of nervousness and doubt as the tourist is unsure who to ask for help. As the tourist is displaying such signs it becomes a giveaway that the tourist is in need of help, this signs can become visible to a staff working at the attraction and the staff could offer assistance to the tourist. Another example is about front line staffs that work in hotel. They are mainly working in the front of the house, this staffs are expected to portray certain body language clusters like openness, enthusiasm and confidence as these staff will look more approachable for the guest to ask for help, as such presentation would help break down the fear of the guest from approaching the staff to ask for help even if the guest does not speak the language. Such portray of positive body language at the front of the house would also projects a positive image to the guest arriving about the hotel. Conclusion Body language is an important tool that can be used in the hospitality industry as working in this industry, a staff would not only just be meeting guests but at the same time providing a service them. With body language, it can help the staff to take notice of guests that are in need of assistance. Body language can also be used as an expression between two parties that do not speak the same language but with body language, the two parties could understand what each other are saying. Body language can also be used providing the first impression in places like restaurants and hotels as it give a positive image of both the hotel and brand. With the two examples that is show above, its gives a clearer ideas on the different ways how body language can be used to either help a guest/ tourist and to project a positive image.

Free Essays on Exemption Of Grades

Exemption of Grades: Taking away grades at a college or university level will do nothing but hurt the students. Grades are the measurement of the student’s academic performance. Most students who have a high grade point average do not want to be put on the same pass/ fail grading system with students who have a lower G.P.A. Many students with a high G.P.A. take pride in their work and constantly are doing work to keep it that way. There is not a good way to look at taking away grades from students besides for the students who do not try in school. Grades are a way for the colleges and universities to measure the progress over the years. Transcripts from transfer students would all have to be looked at equally besides their sports, and activities. On the pass/fail transcript students who work and have no activities with a 3.6 G.P.A. looks worse then students who have a 2.4 G.P.A. that is in the environmental club. Grades are also a great motivation tactic. Many students would not put a lot of effort into school if they knew that they could pass a course by doing the minimum. The courses at Richard Stockton College of New Jersey that are pass/ fail are looked at by the students to be easier. In the classes most students generally do not learn as much from the lack of motivation. The reason classes are attended, homework is completed, and tests are studied for is to receive good grades. The grading system forces students to excel and makes the students care what grades they get at the end of the semester. Many students have to keep a certain G.P.A. for a certain job or to go to graduate school. Employers will also have trouble hiring employees from a pile of transcripts that only says if a student passed or failed. Most employers look at the students’ academic level as a reference to how much the students know. On many students transcripts over the years there shows an improvement or is steady in grades. If the students G... Free Essays on Exemption Of Grades Free Essays on Exemption Of Grades Exemption of Grades: Taking away grades at a college or university level will do nothing but hurt the students. Grades are the measurement of the student’s academic performance. Most students who have a high grade point average do not want to be put on the same pass/ fail grading system with students who have a lower G.P.A. Many students with a high G.P.A. take pride in their work and constantly are doing work to keep it that way. There is not a good way to look at taking away grades from students besides for the students who do not try in school. Grades are a way for the colleges and universities to measure the progress over the years. Transcripts from transfer students would all have to be looked at equally besides their sports, and activities. On the pass/fail transcript students who work and have no activities with a 3.6 G.P.A. looks worse then students who have a 2.4 G.P.A. that is in the environmental club. Grades are also a great motivation tactic. Many students would not put a lot of effort into school if they knew that they could pass a course by doing the minimum. The courses at Richard Stockton College of New Jersey that are pass/ fail are looked at by the students to be easier. In the classes most students generally do not learn as much from the lack of motivation. The reason classes are attended, homework is completed, and tests are studied for is to receive good grades. The grading system forces students to excel and makes the students care what grades they get at the end of the semester. Many students have to keep a certain G.P.A. for a certain job or to go to graduate school. Employers will also have trouble hiring employees from a pile of transcripts that only says if a student passed or failed. Most employers look at the students’ academic level as a reference to how much the students know. On many students transcripts over the years there shows an improvement or is steady in grades. If the students G...